Researchers Identify Conductor of Brain's Neural Orchestra and Begin to Decode the Score

Stanford University researchers funded by DARPA's Neuro Function, Activity, Structure, and Technology (Neuro-FAST) program have developed new optical imaging and analysis techniques that allowed them to decode the neural activity of awake mice engaged in an adaptive, decision-making task.

The findings of the Stanford team, made in collaboration with researchers at the California Institute of Technology and detailed this week in the journal Neuron, give researchers new insight into how the mammalian brain coordinates neural activity to complete voluntary behaviors. The team's overall results advance DARPA's goal of building a knowledge base and toolkit with which the neurotechnology community can accelerate understanding of brain structure and function.

"DARPA created the Neuro-FAST program to find new ways to see the brain, and the optical technologies we've developed now allow researchers to observe the brain in detail as it processes behavior," said Justin Sanchez, the DARPA program manager. "This achievement helps us to identify the roles played by individual neurons in coordinating and carrying out behaviors, and I think it could be a cornerstone of future neural interface technologies."

In this set of experiments, transgenic mice learned to lick for water in the presence of a particular odor or refrain from licking in the presence of a second odor to avoid a puff of air. This behavior required the animals to integrate immediate stimuli in the form of an odor, their own internal state, and past experience to rapidly and flexibly select and perform specific actions that helped them achieve the particular goal of receiving water.

The researchers, led by Dr. Karl Deisseroth, Will Allen, and Isaac Kauvar, combined whole-cortex widefield calcium imaging-a method in which genetically modified neurons fluoresce when activated-with tiled two-photon microscopy that provided more detailed views of particular areas of the cortex.

This pairing allowed them to record across almost the entire neocortex of the mice's brains, yet with enough resolution to reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics of individual neural cell types and neural circuits. Previous single-cell imaging of this type-and even intracortical recordings using electrodes-had been limited to only a few areas of the brain at a time in mammals, missing the insights that could be garnered from a global view.

The experiments revealed that neural circuits and different cell types distributed across much of the neocortex play a part in even relatively simple adaptive behaviors. But they also confirmed the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex plays a key role in coordinating the planning and execution of such behaviors, effectively broadcasting the animal's behavioral state to local populations of neurons throughout the brain.

That finding created a headache for the researchers, however. Many cells throughout the cortex seemed to similarly code task engagement, but they did so without any apparent specific correlation to behavioral output-that is, the choice made by the mice. To begin to unravel the mechanisms behind this "global brain state," the Neuro-FAST team adjusted their experiments and developed new equipment to allow for imaging and manipulation of specific types and subsets of neurons across the entire cortex.

First, using different colors of light they imaged the activity of only certain types of neurons while the mice engaged in the task. Then, using optogenetic and pharmacological interventions, they systematically inhibited the activity of specific cell types and regions of the brain over a series of trials.

By layering the high-resolution results of these trials, the researchers were eventually able to decode the spatial and temporal patterns that resulted in the mice's decision to lick. They found that throughout the cortex, activity in single cells, cell types, and neuropil-the dense network of connections that make up much of the brain's gray matter-signaled distinct aspects of task-related information. This activity was partially separate from the animals' behavior, implying it represented task information, rather than simple sensorimotor feedback, which is highly specific to certain regions of the brain.

"There's a very long way to go, but what this research begins to teach us is how the brain processes and executes goal-directed behaviors in higher-order species," Sanchez said. "DARPA has a long-term goal of developing systems to help Service members better manage the sophisticated systems and complex scenarios that increasingly define modern military service. Neuro-FAST aims to unlock one piece of that puzzle by giving us the knowledge and tools to begin making sense of neural circuitry and coding."

Future research will attempt to advance understanding of how widespread task-related information is coordinated throughout the cortex. This research could involve comparing cortical activity across a variety of behaviors involving different actions, expectations, and sensory modalities to determine how cortical activity is remapped for different goals.

Image Caption: This three-part image shows (left to right): 1) Surgical preparation to record single-cell activity from across cortex; 2) Widefield fluorescent image of a mouse brain taken through a 7-millimeter window used to expose the dorsal cortex for two-photon imaging. The different colored dots represent different fields of view acquired sequentially in different sessions of approximately 30 trials per session; 3) The insets show the maximum projection of fluorescence from single fields of view in layer 2/3 of the brain, acquired with two-photon microscopy.

'Moral enhancement' technologies are neither feasible nor wise
Raleigh NC (SPX) May 22, 2017
A recent study by researchers at North Carolina State University and the Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM) finds that "moral enhancement technologies" - which are discussed as ways of improving human behavior - are neither feasible nor wise, based on an assessment of existing research into these technologies.

The idea behind moral enhancement technologies is to use biomedical tec ... read more

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Iraq presses Mosul assault, Bomber kills 16 at ice cream shop

Iraqi forces pressed forward with an offensive against jihadist-held areas of Mosul as the United Nations warned of grave danger to civilians in the final stages of the battle.

More than seven months into the massive operation to recapture Mosul from the Islamic State group, Iraqi forces have retaken the city's east and large parts of its western side, but the jihadists are putting up tough resistance in areas they still hold.

"Our units are continuing to advance... and entered Al-Saha al-Oula and Al-Zinjili and Al-Shifaa neighbourhoods and the Republican Hospital," said Joint Operations Command spokesman Yahya Rasool on Monday.

IS was using "explosives-rigged vehicles and snipers and suicide bombers" to target Iraqi forces, he told AFP.

Meanwhile in Baghdad, a suicide bomber detonated an explosives-rigged vehicle overnight at a popular ice cream shop, killing at least eight people and wounding 30 others, security officials said early Tuesday.

The Islamic State group-linked Amaq propaganda agency said the suicide bomber targeted a "gathering of Shiites".

IS considers members of Iraq's Shiite Muslim majority to be heretics and frequently carries out attacks against them.

The bomber struck just days after the start of the holy Muslim fasting month of Ramadan, during which Iraqis often stay out late shopping or socialising after breaking their daily fast.

- Dire conditions -

The Joint Operations Command said Monday that Iraqi aircraft had dropped leaflets over Mosul urging residents to leave IS-held areas -- the second time this has been done within the past week.

This is the opposite of the strategy Iraqi forces employed in east Mosul, where they urged civilians to stay in their homes, and may encourage even more people to leave.

"In the past several weeks, 160,000 civilians have fled, and our expectation is that, because of this order (from the government), we could be seeing a similar number of civilians flee in coming days," Lise Grande, the UN's humanitarian coordinator in Iraq, told AFP.

"Altogether, since the start of Mosul, 760,000 civilians have left their homes, and we are looking at the possibility of another 200,000 civilians leaving," she said.

Of the 760,000 civilians who have fled, some 150,000 have since returned home, leaving more than 600,000 currently displaced.

"We are deeply concerned that right now, in the last final stages of the campaign to retake Mosul, that the civilians... in (IS) areas are probably at graver risk now than at any other stage of the campaign," said Grande.

She said that the UN estimates there are between 180,000 and 200,000 civilians in jihadist-held areas of Mosul, the majority of them in the Old City area.

The area -- a warren of closely spaced buildings and narrow streets -- has posed a significant challenge to Iraqi forces, which have surrounded it with a large number of civilians trapped inside.

"The Old City has been blockaded for a while, completely from the south and now our units are present on the north and west," Rasool said. The area's eastern side is bordered by the Tigris River.

According to information received by the UN from families who have managed to flee, conditions in IS-held Mosul are increasingly dire.

"We understand that medicines are very scarce, that there are severe shortages of safe drinking water, that there are very limited stocks of food. We also are aware that families which try to escape are often targeted by snipers," Grande said.

"You have an enclosed area, you have fighters which are determined to hold out, the civilians are in many ways trapped in that area, there haven't been resupplies into the Old City for months," she said.

The battle for Mosul has taken a heavy toll on civilians, pushing hundreds of thousands to flee, while hundreds more have been killed or wounded.

Iraq forces launch broad attack on IS holdouts in Mosul
Arbil, Iraq (AFP) May 27, 2017
Iraqi forces have launched a broad assault on parts of battleground second city Mosul still held by the Islamic State group, the military announced on Saturday. The offensive is the latest push in the more than seven-month battle to retake Mosul, a linchpin in IS's now crumbling attempt to establish a cross-border jihadist "state". Multiple security forces units are attacking "what remai ... read more

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N. Korea says ballistic missile test successful

North Korea on Tuesday boasted its test of a precision-guided missile was "successful", saying it had zeroed in within a few metres of a target provocatively close to Japan the day before.

The North's leader Kim Jong-Un supervised the launch of the guided ballistic rocket -- the third missile test by the nuclear-armed regime in less than three weeks and carried out in defiance of US threats of military action and UN sanctions.

"The ballistic rocket flew toward the east sky where the day broke and correctly hit a planned target point with deviation of seven meters after flying over the middle shooting range," the state-run news agency KCNA said.

South Korea's military earlier said the Scud-type missile travelled eastward for 450 km (280 miles). Japan said it believed it had fallen into its exclusive economic zone, extending 200 nautical miles from the coast.

The missile test triggered swift condemnation from US President Donald Trump who said it showed "disrespect" to neighbouring China, the North's sole major ally, which has sought to dampen tensions over Pyongyang's weapons programme.

The launch was aimed at testing a weapon "capable of making ultra-precision strike on the enemies' objects at any area", KCNA said.

"Whenever news of our valuable victory is broadcast... the Yankees would be very much worried about it and the gangsters of the South Korean puppet army would be dispirited more and more," Kim was quoted as saying.

- Longest-range rocket yet -

The projectile was showcased for the first time last month as part of Pyongyang's annual military parade to mark the 105th birth anniversary of the regime's founder Kim Il-Sung, the news agency added.

Following North Korea's test-firing earlier this month of what analysts said was its longest-range rocket yet, the UN Security Council vowed to push all countries to tighten sanctions against Pyongyang.

But China has made it clear that the push for talks -- and not more sanctions -- is its priority. On Monday it pleaded again for dialogue.

"We hope that related parties can remain calm and restrained, ease the tension on the peninsula, and bring the peninsula issue onto the right track of peaceful dialogue again," the Chinese foreign ministry said.

The US has said it is willing to enter into talks only if the North halts its missile and nuclear tests.

Several rounds of UN sanctions have done little to stop the isolated regime from pushing ahead with its ambition to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that can deliver a nuclear warhead to the continental US.

The impoverished nation has staged two atomic tests and test-fired dozens of rockets since the beginning of last year, including 12 launched this year.

A simultaneous launch of four missiles held on March 6 saw three falling provocatively close to Japan, sparking alarm in the neighbouring country.

Monday's test was the third since new South Korean president Moon Jae-In took office, posing a major challenge to Moon who advocated dialogue and reconciliation with Pyongyang in a break from his conservative predecessors.

Many analysts doubt if the North has developed an ICBM or a nuclear warhead small enough to fit atop a missile.

But most agree that the country has made a significant progress under the young leader, who took power after the death of his father and longtime ruler, Kim Jong-Il, in December 2011.

North Korea fires missile in latest provocation
Seoul (AFP) May 29, 2017 -
North Korea test-fired a missile Monday which fell provocatively close to its neighbour Japan, the latest in a series of launches that have heightened tensions over Pyongyang's nuclear weapons ambitions.

It was the North's 12th ballistic missile test this year -- carried out in defiance of UN sanctions warnings and US threats of possible military action.

The launch went ahead despite tough talk from US President Donald Trump, who promised last week at the G7 summit that the "big problem" of North Korea "will be solved".

South Korea's military said the Scud-type missile travelled for 450 km (280 miles), and Japan said it was estimated to have fallen into its exclusive economic zone, extending 200 nautical miles from the coast.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe swiftly condemned the test -- the second time this year that a North Korean missile has fallen close to its shores -- vowing concerted action with the US.

"We will never tolerate North Korea's continued provocations that ignore repeated warnings by the international community," Abe told reporters.

"As agreed during the G7 summit, the North Korean problem is the international community's top priority."

- Conflict 'catastrophic' -

The North has been stepping up efforts towards its ultimate goal -- developing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that can deliver a nuclear warhead to the continental US.

Despite Trump's strident warnings of possible military intervention, Secretary of Defense James Mattis said in an interview which aired Sunday before the launch that a war with North Korea would be "catastrophic".

"The North Korean regime has hundreds of artillery cannons and rocket launchers within range of one of the most densely populated cities on Earth, which is the capital of South Korea," he told CBS News.

"This regime is a threat to the region, to Japan, to South Korea. And in the event of war, they would bring danger to China and to Russia as well.

"But the bottom line is, it would be a catastrophic war if this turns into a combat, if we're not able to resolve this situation through diplomatic means."

Mattis declined to say what kind of action from Pyongyang would constitute a "red line" for Washington, saying the administration needs "political manoeuvre room."

The latest launch demonstrates the North's confidence and its determination to secure leverage in any future negotiations with the US, said Cho Han-Bum, analyst at the Korea Institute for National Unification.

"Today's launch is the North's way of saying to the world, 'It wouldn't be easy to make us suspend our weapons programmes even if you manage to pressure me into negotiations'."

- 'Direct challenge' -

South Korea's new president Moon Jae-In ordered a meeting of the national security council to assess the launch, which came a day after Pyongyang said leader Kim Jong-Un had overseen a test of a new anti-aircraft weapons system.

The South condemned the missile test as a "grave threat" and a challenge to Moon, who advocates dialogue with the North in a break from his conservative predecessors.

"That the North repeated such provocations after the inauguration of our new leadership... is a direct challenge to our demand for peace and denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula," the foreign ministry said.

Following North Korea's test-firing earlier this month of what analysts said was its longest-range rocket yet, the UN Security Council vowed to push all countries to tighten sanctions against Pyongyang.

But China, the North's main trade partner and ally, has made it clear that the push for talks -- and not more sanctions -- is the priority. On Monday it pleaded again for dialogue to calm regional tensions.

"We hope that related parties can remain calm and restrained, ease the tension on the peninsula, and bring the peninsula issue into the right track of peaceful dialogue again," the foreign ministry said.

The US has said it is willing to enter into talks only if the North halts its missile and nuclear tests.

North Korea fires missile in latest provocation
Seoul (AFP) May 29, 2017
North Korea test-fired a missile Monday into Japan's maritime economic zone - the latest in a series of provocative launches that have heightened tensions over its nuclear weapons ambitions.

It was the North's third ballistic missile test in as many weeks and the 12th this year - carried out in defiance of UN sanctions warnings and US threats of possible military action.

US military mo ... read more

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China Develops Ultrafast Missile Interceptor

China has developed a new type of ultrafast anti-missile interceptor capable of knocking down an incoming projectile that is flying 10 times faster than a bullet, according to the nation’s largest missile maker.

China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, one of the major defense contractors for the People’s Liberation Army, recently revealed that its Second Academy in Beijing has made a “new-generation aerospace defense missile” that incorporates top space technologies, and which it describes as one of the cornerstones of a world power’s strategic prowess.

The weapon is so difficult to design that only a handful of nations in the world are able to develop it, the State-owned company said, adding that its product is capable of bringing down targets tens of kilometers above the ground that fly 10 times faster than a bullet.

The CASIC Second Academy is the country’s major developer of air defense systems.

The information of such a missile defense system, a cutting-edge weapon that only the United States and Russia were previously reported to have, was disclosed in an article released by CASIC earlier this month.

The article was about the contribution by control system researchers from the Zhang Yiqun Studio, a group named after a prominent scientist, at the academy.

Although the introduction did not specify the anti-missile interceptor’s capabilities, experts said the descriptions “tens of kilometers” and “10 times faster than a bullet” indicate its range should be from 10 km to 100 km and its minimum velocity around 12,000 km/h — a typical bullet used by a handgun, the slowest of all bullets, normally travels about 1,200 km/h.

The average age of the weapon’s designers is 32, according to the article. They overcame numerous problems during research and development, including an explosion of one of the weapon’s prototypes during a flight test, it said.

Lyu Xiaoge, spokesman for CASIC, declined to comment on the anti-missile interceptor on Friday, saying his company has developed many world-class missiles in recent years and will continue to contribute to the nation’s missile arsenal.

Wang Ya’nan, editor-in-chief of Aerospace Knowledge, said an advanced anti-missile interceptor requires cutting-edge technologies, superb manufacturing techniques and top materials and will only be successful after a great number of tests.

China successfully completed three land-based, midcourse missile interception tests in 2010, 2013 and 2014, according to the Defense Ministry. Whether the weapon mentioned by the CASIC Second Academy was the same used in these tests was not clear.

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Washington (SSN 787) Delivered to the US Navy

The Navy accepted delivery of Washington (SSN 787), the 14th submarine of the Virginia-class, May 26.

Washington is the fourth of eight Virginia-class Block III submarines and the seventh of the class to be delivered to the Navy by Huntington Ingalls Industries – Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia. Washington began construction in September 2011 and will be commissioned later this year in Norfolk, Virginia. The submarine’s sponsor is Elisabeth Mabus, daughter of the 75th Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus.

“Washington’s delivery continues our commitment to deliver Virginia-class submarines within budget and ready to deploy and execute Fleet tasking,” said Capt. Mike Stevens, Virginia-class Submarine Program Manager.”

Washington will be the third U.S. Navy ship, and first submarine, to be commissioned with a name honoring the State of Washington. The previous two ships were an armored cruiser, (ACR-11), which served under the name from 1905 to 1916, and a World War II battleship (BB-56), decommissioned in 1947.

Washington successfully completed the Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) trials earlier this month receiving a score of 96 out of 100, the highest score to date on any new construction Virginia-class submarine. The INSURV board conducts acceptance trials of ships and service craft for the purpose of determining the quality of construction, compliance with specifications and Navy requirements.

Block III submarines feature a redesigned bow, which replaces 12 individual launch tubes with two large-diameter Virginia Payload Tubes, each capable of launching six Tomahawk cruise missiles. This, among other design changes, reduced the submarines’ acquisition cost while maintaining their outstanding warfighting capabilities.

Virginia-class submarines are built to operate in the world’s littoral and deep waters while conducting anti-submarine warfare; anti-surface ship warfare; strike warfare; special operation forces support; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; irregular warfare; and mine warfare missions. Their inherent stealth, endurance, mobility, and firepower directly enable them to support five of the six maritime strategy core capabilities – sea control, power projection, forward presence, maritime security, and deterrence.

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Rafael Unveils Spike LR II Battlefield Missile

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. unveils SPIKE LR II, a new 5th generation variant of the SPIKE Family that can be fired from vehicles, helicopters, ships, and ground launchers.

The new missile will be presented for the first time at the Paris Air Show in June. Rafael has supplied over 27,000 SPIKE Missiles and systems to over 26 countries.

SPIKE LR II is an advanced multipurpose missile, weighing only 12.7 kg, designed for modern warfare with almost full commonality to the SPIKE Missile legacy and can be launched from any SPIKE Launcher.

For increased lethality, SPIKE LR II includes two unique state-of-the-art advanced and highly capable warhead configurations: a Tandem HEAT warhead configuration, enhancing armor penetration capability by more than 30%, and a new multipurpose blast warhead, which includes controlled fusing (by the gunner) for control of the desired effect.

SPIKE LR II has a range of 5.5 km when fired from ground launchers (an increase of more than 35% above the 4 km range of the original SPIKE LR) and up to 10 km when fired from a helicopter (using alternative option of RF Data link).

The SPIKE LR II has a modern electro-optical seeker which includes a high quality un-cooled IR sensor and an advanced high definition color day sensor. The new seeker includes capabilities of a smart target tracker with AI features (Artificial Intelligence).

SPIKE LR II was designed against new modern targets with low signature, time-sensitive characteristics. To counter this SPIKE LR II includes an embedded IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) for missions of third party-target allocation, allowing the firing of the missile to grid target coordinates, including advanced armor and protection systems. The SPIKE LR II is one of the only missiles in the world with an inherent CAPS capability.

Mr. Moshe Elazar, Executive Vice President and Head of Rafael’s Land and Naval Systems Division stated that the new missile addresses the complex challenges of the modern battlefield. “The development of the SPIKE LR II is based on Rafael’s vast experience in the development of a wide variety of missiles over the years, and was largely possible due to Rafael’s close cooperation with the users at the IDF and other militaries around the world.”

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Tactical Augmented Reality to Enhance Warfighter’s Battlefield Perception

Advances in Transparent Armor Improving Vision from Armored Vehicles

Rafael’s ‘Smarter’ Spike is Designed to Defeat Tanks with Active Protection

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Worried over rapid infra upgrade in the North-East, China issues Warning To India

China on Monday asked India to be “cautious” and exercise “restraint” over building infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh, days after Prime Narendra Modi launched the country’s longest bridge linking Assam with the state claimed by Beijing.

“We hope India adopts a cautious and restrained attitude on the issue before the final settlement of the border issue with China to jointly control disputes, safeguard peace and tranquility in the border areas,” the Chinese Foreign Ministry told IANS.

“China’s position on the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border areas is consistent and clear,” a statement in Chinese said.

Modi last week opened the country’s longest bridge over Brahmaputra river that connects Assam’s easternmost region with Arunachal Pradesh, claimed and dubbed by China as South Tibet.

“China and India should resolve territorial disputes through negotiations and consultations between the two countries,” the Foreign Ministry said.

China and India have a dragging border dispute.

The 9.2 km Dhola-Sadiya bridge will cut the distance and travel time between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh by 165 km and five hours.

Analysts say the bridge will ensure swift movement of Indian troops in Arunachal Pradesh, which, therefore, will bolster India’s defence along the China border.

China and India fought a brief war in 1962 when the Chinese entered Arunachal Pradesh and unilaterally declared a ceasefire after withdrawing to the McMahon Line.

Since then Indian and Chinese troops have had several skirmishes.

China has long been building infrastructure along the border unlike India, which, experts say, avoided building roads in the region, fearing a repeat of the 1962 war when the People’s Liberation Army troops entered Assam.

 

 

 

 

Source:-ET

The post Worried over rapid infra upgrade in the North-East, China issues Warning To India appeared first on Indian Defence Update.

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Chinese univ report on Pak economic corridor warns of India ‘creating trouble’

India’s alleged support to separatist forces in Pakistan’s Balochistan province, its diplomatic offensive against Islamabad and involvement in Chabahar port of Iran are factors that could impact the development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a report by a top Chinese university has warned.

India’s strategic closeness with Afghanistan too is “destabilising” the border areas of Pakistan and creating problems for CPEC, the report contended.

The CPEC, which is expected to connect Kashgar in China with Gwadar port southwestern Pakistan through a network of roads, railway lines, oil and gas pipelines and fibre-optic cables, is the flagship project under President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative.

India has repeatedly raised its concerns about the project with China because the corridor passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).

Referring to the case of Kulbhushan Jadhav, an Indian national who Pakistan says was apprehended in Baloshistan province, the government-sanctioned report compiled by scholars from Renmin University said: “Apart from formally pressurising (Pakistan), India with friends and in secret supported the Balochistan separatist movement in an attempt to divert the limited military strength of Pakistan towards the western side.”

It added, “Kulbhushan Jadhav’s code name was monkey. The target of his activities are: Penetrate Balochistan National Party, deliberately increase the dispute within Pakistan on CPEC, being in contact with Balochistan separatist group and terrorist groups, aiding terror activities and providing combat training to traitor groups.”

Scholars from Renmin University’s Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies and Caijing magazine put together the report after a two-week field trip to CPEC sites, including Gwadar port and Bin Qasim coal-fired power plant.

“India is most anxious about the construction of the CPEC and the opening and operation of the Gwadar port by China,” the report said.

“India thinks the CPEC and a strong Pakistan are huge threat to the security of India. Not only will the Chinese military forces come up on the north, east and west of India but also that Pakistan may completely cut off India from the channels to get oil and natural gas from the Persian Gulf and central Asia,” the report in Chinese argued.

It claimed India was “buying” poor refugees from Afghanistan with money and training them in terror activities. “They are a huge threat to the internal stability of Pakistan,” it added.

The report also contended that India’s cooperation with Iran to develop Chabahar port was aimed at countering the CPEC.

“India’s policy in dealing with Pakistan is not just limited to being destructive on the face. At the end of May (last year), Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Iran and it had an important outcome. India will undertake constructions worth $50 billion in the Chabahar port of Sistan-Balochistan province in southeast Iran,” it said.

The report argued that compared to Chabahar port, Gwadar would evolve into a better port as bigger ships will be able to dock there and because of natural mountainous protection from hurricanes.

“But Chabahar port is not without any merit. The infrastructure within Iran is far better than in Pakistan. It can easily connect to the water and electricity network of the country. It only needs investment and construction; then it can be easily connected to the transport network within Iran,” it said.

 

 

 

 

 

Source:- Hindustan times

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Pakistan fears Indian influence in Afghanistan: US spy chiefs

The US intelligence community has informed Congress that Pakistan does not want heavy Indian influence in Afghanistan and will likely turn to China to offset New Delhi’s sway in Kabul, the media reported on Monday.

During a recent hearing on Afghanistan at the Senate Armed Services Committee, US intelligence chiefs assessed the situation in the war-torn country, and discussed Pakistan’s interests in Kabul, Dawn reported.

The Trump administration is finalising a new policy for Afghanistan and the ongoing consultations in the White House have generated much interest in the US media and think tanks.

Republican Congressman Adam Kinzinger recently suggested resuming air strikes on terrorist targets in Pakistan.

Observers in Washington said the Trump administration might do so if terrorists targeted US military personnel and installations in Afghanistan.

“Pakistan is concerned about international isolation and sees its position through the prism of India’s rising status, including New Delhi’s expanded foreign outreach and deepening ties to the US,” said National Intelligence Director Dan Coats, who leads a team of more than a dozen spy agencies, including the CIA and FBI.

“Pakistan will likely turn to China to offset its isolation, empowering a relationship that will help Beijing to project influence in the Indian Ocean,” the Dawn quoted Coats as saying.

Coats said Islamabad had failed to curb terrorists in Pakistan and because of this failure, “these groups will present a sustained threat to the US interests in the region and continue to plan and conduct attacks in India and Afghanistan”.

“Pakistan desires for Afghanistan some of the same things we want: a safe, secure, stable Afghanistan. One addition — there is no have heavy Indian influence in Afghanistan,” said Defence Intelligence Director Lt General Vincent Stewart.

“They view all of the challenges through the lens of an Indian threat to Pakistan. So they hold in reserve terrorist organisations… so that — if Afghanistan leans towards India, they will no longer be supportive of an idea of a stable and secure Afghanistan that could undermine Pakistan’s interests,” the General said.

Coats told the Senate committee that despite increased military efforts, the Taliban continues to make gains in Afghanistan.

Senator Joni Kay Ernst, an Illinois Republican, asked the intelligence chiefs to spell out the measures that the US would like Afghanistan’s neighbours to take to help stabilise the region.

“I think certainly an evaluation of how we work with Pakistan to address the situation of the harbouring of terrorist groups would be essential to a strategy that affects Afghanistan,” Coats replied.

“Because that is potentially a very disrupting situation, putting our own troops at risk and undermining the strategy of dealing with the Taliban and local groups that are trying to undermine the (Afghan) government,” Coats said.

“Besides more troops, do we need to implement a different strategy on the ground in Afghanistan?” Senator Ernst asked General Stewart.

“We’ve got to convince Pakistan if they’re harbouring any of the Haqqani network members that it is not in their interest to continue to host Haqqani network,” Stewart said.

The General urged the Trump administration to work with Afghanistan’s neighbours to go after the 20 terrorist organisations that were still active in the region. “They undermine not just Afghanistan, not just Pakistan, but all of the region.”

Stewart also suggested “pushing” Pakistan to do more against the Haqqani network and urged US policymakers to “separate the Taliban from the Pashtun”, because Pakistan wanted a Pashtun-dominated Afghanistan.

“So we’ve got to get the conversation going again with Pakistan about their role in not harbouring any of these terrorists, helping to stabilise Afghanistan,” he said.

Stewart said he believed Pakistan still had some influence in bringing Taliban to the table. “So we’ve got to get them to think about reconciliation, that the status quo is not in their best interest.

 

 

 

 

 

Source:- ET

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China says fighter jets' intercept of US plane 'safe'

China Sunday denied the Pentagon's charge that an encounter between Chinese fighters and a US surveillance plane over the South China Sea was "unsafe and unprofessional".

Tensions between the two economic superpowers have risen in recent years over the disputed waterway, which China claims almost in full despite counter-claims from other Asian nations.

Chinese J-10 warplanes intercepted a US Navy P-3 that was operating in international airspace Wednesday, according to Pentagon spokesman Commander Gary Ross.

The US deemed the move "unsafe and unprofessional" and pledged to convey its concerns to the Chinese government.

But the Chinese defence ministry on Sunday said the Pentagon's account of the incident "was not in accordance with the facts".

"On May 25, a US patrol plane carried out reconnaissance activities in the airspace southeast of Hong Kong, China," it said in a statement on its website.

"The Chinese military aircraft carried out identification in accordance with law. The operations were professional and safe."

Beijing also accused Washington of trespassing last week after it sailed a warship near a reef claimed by Beijing in the South China Sea -- the "first freedom of navigation" exercise under US President Donald Trump.

These actions "infringed on our sovereignty and security, endangering the safety of front-line personnel of both sides," the defence ministry said in the statement.

"The behaviour is the root cause of the military security problems in maritime and sky areas between US and China.

"China's armed forces will resolutely perform their duties and resolutely safeguard our sovereignty and security," it added.

Beijing has rapidly built up reefs in the South China Sea into artificial islands capable of hosting military planes.

The United States has challenged the annexation of these islets and advocated a diplomatic settlement to disputes, arguing that Beijing's actions threaten freedom of navigation and overflight.

The tensions come ahead of a major regional security summit in Singapore this week.

Poland has 'no doubt' about US commitment to NATO: minister
Warsaw (AFP) May 26, 2017
Poland's defence minister said Friday he was confident about US President Donald Trump's commitment to NATO amid doubts raised by his failure to publicly endorse the alliance's guarantee of collective defence.

Allies who had hoped to hear Trump declare his commitment to NATO's Article 5 were left disappointed as he made no public mention of it at Thursday's summit in Brussels.

But Polish ... read more

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China rebukes G7 over statement on seas

China has urged the Group of Seven leading economies to "stop making irresponsible remarks" after the G7 summit expressed concern about the situation in the East and South China Seas.

China has a dispute with Japan over small uninhabited islands in the East China Sea, while its claim to most of the South China Sea is challenged by the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan.

In their closing communique in Italy on Saturday, G7 leaders said they "remain concerned about the situation" in the two seas and are "strongly opposed to any unilateral actions that could increase tensions".

The text also urges "all parties to pursue demilitarisation of disputed features".

A Chinese foreign ministry statement quoted by state media Monday said China was "strongly dissatisfied at the G7 summit gesticulating over the issues of the East and South China seas under the guise of international law".

Sunday's statement by ministry spokesman Lu Kang said Beijing hopes the G7 and countries outside the region will "stop making irresponsible remarks and play a constructive role for regional peace and stability".

The United States has criticised China's reclamation of several reefs and islets in the South China Sea into artificial islands capable of hosting military planes.

It sees the reclamation as a potential threat to freedom of navigation and overflight.

Poland has 'no doubt' about US commitment to NATO: minister
Warsaw (AFP) May 26, 2017
Poland's defence minister said Friday he was confident about US President Donald Trump's commitment to NATO amid doubts raised by his failure to publicly endorse the alliance's guarantee of collective defence.

Allies who had hoped to hear Trump declare his commitment to NATO's Article 5 were left disappointed as he made no public mention of it at Thursday's summit in Brussels.

But Polish ... read more

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North Korea fires missile in latest provocation

North Korea test-fired a missile Monday into Japan's maritime economic zone -- the latest in a series of provocative launches that have heightened tensions over its nuclear weapons ambitions.

It was the North's third ballistic missile test in as many weeks and the 12th this year -- carried out in defiance of UN sanctions warnings and US threats of possible military action.

US military monitors said the short-range missile flew for six minutes, while Japan said it fell into its exclusive economic zone, extending 200 nautical miles from the coast.

The launch went ahead despite tough talk from US President Donald Trump, who promised last week at the G7 summit that the "big problem" of North Korea "will be solved".

Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe swiftly condemned the test and vowed concerted action with its US ally.

"We will never tolerate North Korea's continued provocations that ignore repeated warnings by the international community," Abe told reporters.

"As agreed during the G7 summit, the North Korean problem is the international community's top priority. In order to deter North Korea, we will take concrete action with the United States."

The North has been stepping up efforts towards its ultimate goal -- developing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that can deliver a nuclear warhead to the continental US.

Monday's test also marked the second time this year that a North Korean missile fell provocatively close to its neighbour Japan. South Korea's military said the Scud-type missile travelled for 450 km (280 miles).

- Conflict 'catastrophic' -

Despite Trump's strident warnings, Secretary of Defense James Mattis said in an interview which aired Sunday before the launch that a war with North Korea would be "catastrophic".

"The North Korean regime has hundreds of artillery cannons and rocket launchers within range of one of the most densely populated cities on Earth, which is the capital of South Korea," he told CBS News.

"This regime is a threat to the region, to Japan, to South Korea. And in the event of war, they would bring danger to China and to Russia as well.

"But the bottom line is, it would be a catastrophic war if this turns into a combat, if we're not able to resolve this situation through diplomatic means."

Mattis declined to say what kind of action from Pyongyang would constitute a "red line" for Washington, saying the administration needs "political manoeuvre room."

The latest launch demonstrates the North's determination to secure more leverage in any future negotiations with the US, said Cho Han-Bum, analyst at the Korea Institute for National Unification.

"The North, despite its series of provocations, has not crossed the ultimate red line, which would be staging another nuclear test or a successful ICBM test," Cho said.

"Today's launch is the North's way of saying to the world, 'It wouldn't be easy to make us suspend our weapons programmes even if you manage to pressure me into negotiations'," he said.

- 'Direct challenge' -

South Korea's new president Moon Jae-In ordered a meeting of the national security council to assess the launch, which came a day after North Korea said its leader Kim Jong-Un had overseen a test of a new anti-aircraft weapons system.

The South condemned the missile test as a "grave threat" and a challenge to Moon, who advocates dialogue with the North in a break from his conservative predecessors.

"That the North repeated such provocations after the inauguration of our new leadership... is a direct challenge to our demand for peace and denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula," the foreign ministry said.

The missile launches, and Pyongyang's threat to stage its sixth nuclear test, have prompted calls for tougher UN sanctions and a warning from Trump that military intervention was an option under consideration.

Following North Korea's test-firing earlier this month of what analysts said was its longest-range rocket yet, the UN Security Council vowed to push all countries to tighten sanctions against Pyongyang.

But China, the North's main trade partner and ally, has made it clear that the push for talks -- and not more sanctions -- is the priority.

The US has said it is willing to enter into talks with North Korea, but only if it halts its missile and nuclear tests.

UN vows to tighten sanctions on North Korea
United Nations, United States (AFP) May 23, 2017
The UN Security Council on Monday vowed to push all countries to tighten sanctions against North Korea as it prepared for a closed-door meeting called in response to the latest missile launch.

In a unanimous statement backed by the North's ally China, the council strongly condemned the test-firing on Sunday and instructed the UN sanctions committee to redouble efforts to implement a series o ... read more

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Did Lyme disease originate out of Plum Island

For a politics article to be met, an excellent package of re Search is necessary. Due to this, we’ve found the requirement to aid students in completing their politics essays punctually and of the maximal quality. Within this essay, I shall claim that there exists a self that persists through time. Thinking is among the most crucial points which are feasible to do in course. Fake documents are essays where the writer pulls out the primary dissertation and outline of a special paper, after which it writes an article in his or her own design. When you have released your article, you are going to probably hurt a person who thinks diverse. Composing a politics article isn’t consistently quick.

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Honor Society Ideas

An essay isn’t about misinformation, is around the truth. Story documents comprise narratives which are assumed to illustrate a point. Meeting documents permit you to use people as your own sources instead to books. It really is my wish that this can assist you with your essay. The very beginning stage in creating a detailed essay is always to pick your topic. To begin writing a descriptive composition, select the issue you’ll be describing. Utilize this overall composition structure to create a comprehensive outline on your own essays.

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Creating Articles Finding Suggestions for inspiration

A dependable firm to offer aid in essay writing really needs some special qualities that’ll be discussed inside this paper. In case you purchase essays on line, it actually is crucial that you just understand whether the work continues to be in process write my speech or has been finished. Obviously, article writing support is, in addition, comprised within the long listing of our offerings. SoIf you’re searching for services which can provide quality documents, we’re really ideal for you. Being rapidly jointly with promoting outstanding info in the essay is what you will need to obtain high marks within your college. Writing good compositions is vital within the Englishlanguage within the awareness that it enables the student as a way to express what’s in her or his thoughts regarding a specific dilemma. Essay writing hasn’t been an effortless job for the bulk of students of all grades getting various classes.

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Educational writing is repeatedly a tough job. Persuasive writing is a key ability for learners to understand. The purpose of this kind of composition composing, as the special name indicates, may be to give advice to the readers. While you do not need to use an author label in every sentence of the overview, you are required to be clear when you are giving notions which are taken from the post, and when you’re stating your own thoughts. Generally speaking, you’d like to be certain you always make use of the author name as well as the article title when you begin the outline, and that you utilize the author’s prior name before word of the summary to give it time to be clear you’re nevertheless discussing the author’s ideas. So seek support from novels within the library and authentic sites. Entrance documents are an exceptionally important portion the admissions process. Composing a school essay doesn’t need to become a difficult training. In the subsequent post, we’ll look into the synopsis of an argumentative essay at length and endeavour to get what sort of fantastic argumentative essay must be written.

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China Says ‘Ultrafast’ Missile Interceptor Completes Flight Tests

China has developed a new type of ultrafast anti-missile interceptor capable of knocking down an incoming projectile that is flying 10 times faster than a bullet, according to the nation's largest missile maker.

China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, one of the major defense contractors for the People's Liberation Army, recently revealed that its Second Academy in Beijing has made a "new-generation aerospace defense missile" that incorporates top space technologies, and which it describes as one of the cornerstones of a world power's strategic prowess.

The weapon is so difficult to design that only a handful of nations in the world are able to develop it, the State-owned company said, adding that its product is capable of bringing down targets tens of kilometers above the ground that fly 10 times faster than a bullet.

The CASIC Second Academy is the country's major developer of air defense systems.

The information of such a missile defense system, a cutting-edge weapon that only the United States and Russia were previously reported to have, was disclosed in an article released by CASIC earlier this month.

The article was about the contribution by control system researchers from the Zhang Yiqun Studio, a group named after a prominent scientist, at the academy.

Although the introduction did not specify the anti-missile interceptor's capabilities, experts said the descriptions "tens of kilometers" and "10 times faster than a bullet" indicate its range should be from 10 km to 100 km and its minimum velocity around 12,000 km/h — a typical bullet used by a handgun, the slowest of all bullets, normally travels about 1,200 km/h.

The average age of the weapon's designers is 32, according to the article. They overcame numerous problems during research and development, including an explosion of one of the weapon's prototypes during a flight test, it said.

Lyu Xiaoge, spokesman for CASIC, declined to comment on the anti-missile interceptor on Friday, saying his company has developed many world-class missiles in recent years and will continue to contribute to the nation's missile arsenal.

Wang Ya'nan, editor-in-chief of Aerospace Knowledge, said an advanced anti-missile interceptor requires cutting-edge technologies, superb manufacturing techniques and top materials and will only be successful after a great number of tests.

China successfully completed three land-based, midcourse missile interception tests in 2010, 2013 and 2014, according to the Defense Ministry. Whether the weapon mentioned by the CASIC Second Academy was the same used in these tests was not clear.

(ends)

The latest generation of China’s air and space defensive missiles have completed a flight test, according to the country’s aerospace authorities. The missiles are able to hit targets 10 times faster than bullets at an altitude of dozens of kilometers in the air.

The development is a giant leap forward for Chinese weaponry and will serve to further secure the country.

The U.S., Japan, Russia and Israel have all developed their own missile defense systems, and India is also in the process of doing so. The systems are generally divided into tactical and strategic missiles. Existing advanced anti-missile systems from around the world include: Patriot Advanced Capability-3, Aegis combat system, Arrow, Antey-2500, S-300 and S400.

The HQ series is the major air defense missile system of China, covering various ranges and altitudes.

-ends-

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Swiss MoD Looks to Revive Fighter Deal

PARIS --- The Swiss Ministry of Defense will this week take another step towards the replacement of its fighter aircraft fleet, which was suspended since 2014, when the Swiss people voted against buying 22 Saab JAS-39 Gripen fighters for the partial replacement of Northrop F-5Es in 2014.

The current Minister of Defense, Guy Parmelin, set up an expert group in February 2016 to study how Switzerland will ensure the defense of its airspace in future years. In parallel, the UDC party in the canton of Vaud set up a support group two months later which included representatives of industry, the military and the foreign ministry as well as a representative of each major political party.

These two groups – expert and support – will announce the results of their endeavors tomorrow in Bern, the Lausanne daily Le Temps reported May 26. Their brief was to study all possible future threats to Swiss airspace, and how to protect it, so it is expected that their reports will cover the modernization of air defenses as well as the fighter replacement.

Four scenarios, four price tags

The daily La Liberté reported May 26 that the expert group has identified four scenarios for the future fighter procurement. The goal is to replace the entire fleet of 54 F-5E Tigers as well as the 30 Boeing F/A-18 Hornets, the mainstay of Swiss air defense, whose service life is being extended until 2030 at a cost of 450 million Swiss francs.

The most ambitious option calls for the procurement of 55 to 70 modern fighters and of an integrated air-defense system covering all of Swiss territory (45,000 sq km), whose cost is estimated at 15 billion to 18 billion Swiss francs. This however seems very insufficient, given the cost of current combat aircraft, and a more likely cost would be the same figures, but in euros.

The two middle scenarios call for procurement of 30 fighters and of a complete air-defense system, or of 40 fighters and an air-defense system covering only one-third of national territory. Both are costed at 8-9 billion francs.

Finally, the low-cost scenario calls for buying just 20 fighters and an air-defense system also covering one-third of the country, at an estimated cost of 5 billion francs.

These figures should be compared to the defense budget, which averages 5 billion francs annually, of which 1 to 2 billion francs is earmarked for procurement.

Funding remains a major question mark

Given these costs, and the fact that in 2014 Swiss voters refused to approve spending 3.1 billion francs to buy 22 new fighters, politicians are understandably reticent to the idea of asking them to now approve a bill of 8 to 9 billion francs.

The reports submitted tomorrow will be passed on to the Federal Council, Switzerland’s government cabinet, which will choose one of the options – or none.

It will also decide how to finance the new acquisitions, an issue that was widely debated during the Gripen negotiations. One option is to pay for them in annual instalments out of the defense budget, which will in this case have to be substantially increased. This option offers the advantage of not requiring a referendum.

A second option is to set up a special fund, as was the case for the Gripen project, but this would require a referendum, which could take place in 2019 but which the government might be unwilling to risk a second time.

(ends)

The army’s attempts to acquire new fighter jets made the news as it had failed in a previous attempt that voters rejected

Guarding Swiss skies

The German language papers NZZ am Sonntag and Ostschweiz am Sonntag reported on Defence Minister Guy Parmelin’s attempts to revisit the sourcing of combat aircraft. A steering group recommends that the purchase of new fighter jets should come from the army’s purse, which should then be increased accordingly, reports the NZZ am Sonntag.

Such a model would exclude the risk of a referendum which went badly in 2014, when 53.4% of Swiss voters said no to the acquisition of 22 Swedish Gripen combat planes.

A separate group of experts will present its report on the security of Swiss airspace on Tuesday. Four options will be presented with price tags range between CHF5 billion and CHF18 billion francs. The most expensive variant involves the purchase of up to 70 versatile combat aircraft coupled with a ground-to-air defense system, say the Zentralschweiz am Sonntag and Ostschweiz am Sonntag. (end of excerpt)

Click here for the full story, on the Swissinfo website.

-ends-

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Russia’s MC-21 Makes Maiden Flight

The MC-21 is Russia’s entry into the narrowbody airliner market, where it will compete with established products from Airbus and Boeing as well as China’s C-919, with Japan’s Mitsubishi Regional Jet waiting in the wings. (Irkut photo)

On 28 May, 2017, the maiden flight of MC-21-300 commercial aircraft took place at the airfield of Irkutsk Aviation Plant, the affiliate of Irkut Corporation (a UAC member).

The duration of the flight was 30 minutes at the altitude of 1,000 meters, at the speed of 300 km/hour.

The flight plan included checking of in-flight stability and controllability, and also the controllability of the power plant. According to the program, during the flight a simulated landing approach was performed, followed by a flight over the runway, climbing and turning. This technique is typical for the maiden flight of new types of aircraft.

The aircraft was piloted by the crew commander Oleg Kononenko, test pilot, Hero of Russia, and the copilot Roman Taskayev, test-pilot, Hero of Russia.

Oleg Kononenko reported, “flight mission is accomplished. The flight went in the normal mode. There are no obstacles revealed preventing the tests continuation”.

Roman Taskayev noted, that ''characteristics and operational modes of the power plant are confirmed, all aircraft systems operated without glitches.''

Oleg Demchenko, the President of Irkut Corporation, stated, ''today is the historic day for our personnel and the whole big team, which works on creation of MC-21 aircraft. We put the most advanced technical solutions in our aircraft, to provide enhanced comfort for passengers and attractive economic characteristics for air carriers. I am happy to declare the maiden flight of the MC-21 aircraft has been successfully accomplished. I congratulate all project participants on our common holiday!''

Yury Slyusar, the President of United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), stressed, ''MC-21 is created in a wide cooperation, where together with Irkut, other enterprises of the United Aircraft Corporation are actively participating, namely Aerocomposite company, Ulyanovsk and Voronezh aircraft plants, UAC Integration. Center in Moscow. This is an important stage in the formation of the new UAC industrial model. According to our estimates, the global demand in the MC-21 segment will be about 15,000 new aircraft in the next 20 years. I'm sure the airlines will appreciate our new aircraft''.

MC-21-300 New Generation Commercial Aircraft

MC-21-300 new generation aircraft with capacity of 163 to 211 passengers targets the most massive segment of aviation market.

MC-21 aircraft provides passengers with the qualitatively new level of comfort, due to the biggest fuselage diameter in the category of narrow-body aircraft. This design decision significantly widens private space of each passenger, ensures free passage of passenger and service trolley over the aisle, and shortens airport turnover time. Natural lighting of the passenger cabin is enhanced due to big windows. Comfortable air pressure and advanced microclimate will be maintained in the aircraft.

MC-21 aircraft features an innovative ergonomic pilot cabin.

High demands for comfort and economic effectiveness of the aircraft pushed forward introduction of advanced technical solutions in aerodynamics, engine-building, and avionics.

MC-21 aircraft is superior to existing counterparts in terms of flight-technical characteristics and efficiency.

The best Russian and international companies participating in MC-21 program fully comply with their obligations, while introducing their most advanced design solutions.

The major contributor to the enhancement of flight-technical characteristics of the aircraft is the wing made of polymer composite materials, the first-in-the-word one developed for narrow-body aircraft with the capacity of over 130 passengers. The share of composites in MC-21 design exceeding 30% is the unique for this category of aircraft.

For the first time in the history of Russian aircraft manufacturing, the airliner is offered to the customers with two options of power plant - PW1400G of Pratt & Whitney Company (USA) or PD-14 of United Engine Corporation (Russia). New-generation engines feature reduced fuel consumption, low noise and hazardous emissions. MC-21 aircraft meets prospective environmental requirements.

Calculated reduction of direct operational costs for MC-21 is 12-15% lower than for counterparts.

The initial portfolio of firm orders for 175 MC-21 aircraft provides utilization of production capacity in the coming years. All firm contracts are prepaid.

MC-21-300 Flight Performance
-- Dense layout capacity 211 seats
-- Maximum takeoff weight 79,250 kg
-- Maximum payload 22,600 kg
-- Maximum flight range 6,000 km
-- Dimensions
-- Length 42.2 m
-- Wing span 35.9 m
-- Height 11.5 m

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